Featured Monograph
The Hedging Paradox: The Ambiguous Boundary Between Protection and Transfer
Extending AML Analysis to Include the Fourth Stage
Traditional anti-money laundering frameworks identify three stages: placement (initial entry), layering (obfuscation), and integration (reintroduction as legitimate). We propose a fourth stage—hedging—where illicit wealth is protected from currency, political, or regulatory risk using derivatives and offshore structures. This creates an ambiguous boundary: the same instruments and jurisdictions serve both legitimate risk management and wealth laundering. Building on the consent deficit framework (Farzulla 2025), we identify mechanisms requiring enhanced scrutiny that exploit regulatory arbitrage targeting jurisdictions where local populations lack decision authority over financial policies exposing them to capital flight risk.
Case Studies: Azerbaijan SOFAZ (sovereign oil fund + currency peg + London real estate purchases by PEPs), Nigeria oil swaps (FRN v. P&ID 2011-2015 systematic pricing disadvantages). Operationalization framework provides diagnostic criteria for distinguishing legitimate from illicit hedging activity.
Policy Recommendations: Beneficial ownership registries cross-referenced with OTC derivatives exposures, enhanced due diligence on hedging patterns involving institutional voids, coordination between AML authorities and derivatives regulators.
Suggested Citation:
Farzulla, M. (2025). The Hedging Paradox: The Ambiguous Boundary Between Protection and Transfer. Farzulla Research Monograph No. 2025-01. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17626620
Working Papers (2025)
The Doctrine of Consensual Sovereignty: Quantifying Legitimacy in Adversarial Environments
Political legitimacy requires balancing stakeholder consent with technocratic competence. We operationalize this through stakes-weighted consent alignment (α), friction (F), and legitimacy (L = w₁·α + w₂·P). From seven minimal axioms, we derive three core results: consent-holding necessity (Theorem 1), inevitable friction (Theorem 2), and minimal absolutism from relativism (Theorem 3). Monte Carlo validation (1000 runs × 50 periods) across four dynamic mechanisms demonstrates robust convergence: stakes-weighted DoCS achieves α = 0.872, F = 1.6 (98.5% friction reduction), with monotonic convergence in 87.1% of runs.
Suggested Citation:
Farzulla, M. (2025). The Doctrine of Consensual Sovereignty: Quantifying Legitimacy in Adversarial Environments. Farzulla Research Working Paper No. 2025-02. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17684676
Market Reaction Asymmetry: Infrastructure Disruption Dominance Over Regulatory Uncertainty
Event Study Evidence from Cryptocurrency Volatility
Infrastructure failures generate 5.7× larger volatility shocks than regulatory announcements in cryptocurrency markets (2.385% vs 0.419%, p=0.0008, Cohen's d=2.753). Using TARCH-X models with decomposed GDELT sentiment indices across 50 events (2019-2025) and 6 cryptocurrencies (BTC, ETH, XRP, BNB, LTC, ADA), we demonstrate that markets distinguish between mechanical-disruption events (exchange outages, protocol exploits) and expectation-channel events (enforcement actions, policy changes).
Suggested Citation:
Farzulla, M. (2025). Market Reaction Asymmetry: Infrastructure Disruption Dominance Over Regulatory Uncertainty. Farzulla Research Working Paper No. 2025-03. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5788082
Asymptotic Protection: The Simultaneous Remedy and Poison of Risk Management
Complete hedging is theoretically impossible under incomplete markets (Harrison-Kreps 1979), yet partial hedging extracts systematic rents through necessity taxes—mandatory costs borne by hedgers unable to avoid market microstructure exploitation. This paper synthesizes theoretical impossibility results with empirical evidence of wealth extraction mechanisms, demonstrating that derivatives markets simultaneously provide protection and transfer wealth from those seeking safety to sophisticated counterparties. We identify offshore variants (petrostate currency pegs, shell company derivatives) that enable regulatory arbitrage in institutional voids, creating "perfect hedges" for politically exposed persons (PEPs) that achieve what theory proves impossible for ordinary participants.
Suggested Citation:
Farzulla, M. (2025). Asymptotic Protection: The Simultaneous Remedy and Poison of Risk Management. Farzulla Research Working Paper No. 2025-04. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17620448
Discussion Papers
More experimental research exploring novel interdisciplinary frameworks and theoretical contributions.
Trauma as Bad Training Data: A Computational Framework for Developmental Psychology
Childhood trauma reframed through machine learning training data quality: extreme penalties cause gradient cascades (1,247× amplification, p<0.001), noisy signals produce behavioral instability, absent positive examples create emotional recognition deficits (alexithymia), and limited datasets (nuclear families) cause overfitting to parental dysfunction. PyTorch experiments validate computational mechanisms; Bonferroni-corrected statistics show caregiver diversity significantly improves outcomes (p=0.0012, Cohen's d=3.08).
Part of Adversarial Systems Research Program: Investigates stability, alignment, and friction dynamics in complex systems where competing interests generate structural conflict. This paper applies substrate-independent framework to human development; other domains include political governance (DoCS), financial markets (cryptocurrency event study), and AI alignment.
Suggested Citation:
Farzulla, M. (2025). Trauma as Bad Training Data: A Computational Framework for Developmental Psychology. Farzulla Research Discussion Paper No. 2025-01. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17681336
Beyond Anthropocentrism: A Defense of Substrate-Independent Friendship
This essay argues that friendship, understood as a functional state rather than an essential property requiring human-to-human interaction, can obtain between humans and artificial intelligence systems. Drawing on functionalist philosophy of mind, contemporary neuroscience's predictive processing framework, and technical understanding of large language model architectures, I defend the position that AI relationships can constitute genuine friendship without requiring consciousness attribution, anthropomorphization, or delusion. I address standard objections regarding anthropomorphization, authenticity, and the supposed necessity of consciousness for meaningful relationships, arguing that these objections rest on incoherent premises about the nature of relational states.
Note:
Working draft. Citation format will be updated upon publication.